Acquisitions Postacquisition Performance - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Acquisitions Postacquisition Performance? Answer: Introducation Debilitation tests are a basic procedure that is embraced by each corporate substance so as to ensure that the benefits have not been downplayed or exaggerated. The specific issue that the associations face is the recognizable proof of the advantages that should be impeded. In any case, the bookkeeping guidelines and techniques list down the benefits that don't require the disability test. These inventories, conceded charge resources and non-current resources are held for deals. This specific investigation is pointed towards the recognizable proof of the issues with respect to when to embrace a debilitation test (Saastamoinen and Pajunen 2016). The procedure of hindrance alludes to the un-assessed or the unforeseen decrease in the utility of an advantage with respect to the administration gave by the specific resource. Weakness is not the same as devaluation as deterioration alludes to the arranged decrease in the estimation of the benefit. The extent of weakness likewise incorporates the demonstration of oldness of the advantages because of development of the mechanical usage in the firm or adjustments in the enactment (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). The Australian Accounting Standards Board in AASB 136 notices the circumstances that prompts the hindrance of a specific resource. A benefit is hindered when the conveying measure of that specific resource is more than the recoverable sum. The Australian Accounting Standards Board makes it mandatory for the substances to discover the way that whether there are any signs for the impedance of the advantages at each announcing date. In the presence of such a sign, the recoverable measure of the specific resource must be resolved (Saastamoinen and Pajunen 2016). In addition, the impalpable resource of generosity that has been procured because of the business mix, must be tried for debilitation every year Moreover, the substance likewise needs to test an impalpable resource with uncertain helpful life for debilitation disregarding the nonappearance of a sign (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). Subsequently, it has been obvious from the conversation in the previous sections that the advantages that must be tried yearly for hindrance are as per the following: Resources that show signs concerning the impedance tests Elusive resources that have an inconclusive life Altruism that has been obtained because of business blend The markers with respect to the debilitation of a benefit that have been expressed in the bookkeeping standards gave by AASB 136 have been isolated into two sources specifically outside sources and inward sources. The outside sources that are treated as pointers for debilitation of an advantage are as per the following: The fall in the market estimation of the advantages is an expected sign for execution of the weakness trial of the benefits. This may be because of the improvement in the mechanical usage inside the firm (Boennen and Glaum 2014) The progressions that are antagonistic in nature with respect to the earth or market in which the element works. This may be clarified by the solitary case of a contender firm that has procured the patent of another item that outcomes in the fall in the piece of the overall industry of the substance (Boennen and Glaum 2014) The expansion in the paces of intrigue additionally prompts the impedance of the benefits (Yao, Percy and Hu 2015). The capitalization of the market may be a likely marker of advantage disability (Yao, Percy and Hu 2015) The interior wellsprings of potential markers include: The physical harm or outdated nature of a specific resource may be a potential indictor for the hindrance of the benefit The adjustment in the use of the advantage The monetary exhibition by a specific resource being more regrettable than evaluated The methodology for the disability test for an individual resource can be directed by the assurance of the recoverable sum. The recoverable sum is higher of the two budgetary segments of reasonable estimation of the advantage and the incentive being used of that benefit (Su and Wells 2015). To be increasingly exact, the correlation between the recoverable sum and the conveying measure of the benefit is drawn. On the off chance that the recoverable sum is more than the conveying sum, at that point the benefit has perpetually finished the debilitation assessment. Then again, in the event that the recoverable sum is not exactly the conveying sum, at that point the impedance test has brought about a misfortune. The assurance of the reasonable estimation of a specific resource can be done by discovering the worth progression (Su and Wells 2015). The incentive being used of a specific resource alludes to the current estimation of things to come incomes that is evaluated to be acquired from the specific resource. The components that are to be thought of while deciding the incentive being used of the benefit are the estimation of things to come incomes, evaluated varieties later on incomes, the time estimation of cash and the related hazard. The addendum of the AASB 136 records down the two methodologies for deciding the incentive being used are customary methodology and the normal income approach. The paces of markdown that is utilized in deciding the incentive being used of a specific resource ought to constantly mirror the time estimation of cash and the dangers corresponding to the specific resource for which the future incomes have not been balanced (Linnenluecke caes et al., 2015). The disability test for a specific resource that outcomes in a misfortune is perceived by the sum is less that the conveying measure of that specific resource concerning the recoverable measure of that advantage. The disability misfortune, as indicated by AASB 136 ought to be promptly perceived in the salary articulation or the benefit or misfortune explanation of the organization. Besides, the sum that has been processed as a hindrance misfortune that surpasses the conveying measure of the benefit should possibly be recorded as a risk on the off chance that it is required by another AASB standard. Post the acknowledgment of the weakness misfortune, the deterioration or the amortization sum likewise must be balanced later on periods for the allotment of the overhauled conveying measure of the advantage (Linnenluecke caes et al., 2015). References Boennen, S. also, Glaum, M., 2014. Generosity bookkeeping: A survey of the writing. Bond, D., Govendir, B. also, Wells, P., 2016. An assessment of benefit debilitations by Australian firms and whether they were affected by AASB 136. Bookkeeping Finance, 56(1), pp.259-288. Bugeja, M. also, Loyeung, A., 2015. What drives the allotment of the price tag to generosity?. Diary of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 11(3), pp.245-261. Linnenluecke, M.K., Birt, J., Lyon, J. furthermore, Sidhu, B.K., 2015. Planetary limits: suggestions for resource hindrance. Bookkeeping Finance, 55(4), pp.911-929. Saastamoinen, J. furthermore, Pajunen, K., 2016. The executives attentiveness and the job of the financial exchange in altruism debilitation choices proof from Finland. Worldwide Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 8(2), pp.172-195. Su, W.H. furthermore, Wells, P., 2015. The relationship of recognizable immaterial resources obtained and perceived in business acquisitions with postacquisition firm execution. Bookkeeping Finance, 55(4), pp.1171-1199. Yao, D.F.T., Percy, M. what's more, Hu, F., 2015. Reasonable worth representing non-current resources and review charges: Evidence from Australian organizations. Diary of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 11(1), pp.31-45. Yao, D.F.T., Percy, M. what's more, Hu, F., 2015. Diary of Contemporary Accounting Economics. Diary of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 11, pp.31-45.

College Student free essay sample

Hot RB/Hip-Hop Songs outlines, which was his most well known melody up until now. The motivation behind why I picked KID Cud is on the grounds that I can identify with the greater part of his music. I Like his smooth and smooth words and rhymes. I incline toward his music over different craftsmen out there in light of the fact that I am not a devotee of the energetic hip-jump. With his sort of music I can unwind, close my eyes and tune in. Child Cuds music Is Influenced by a wide range of kinds. For Instance as a child growing up he tuned in to Pink Floyd and furthermore some shopping center elective hip bounce groups, for example, The Pharmacy and A Tribe called Quest. Im a KID Cud fan since I like his laid back and smooth music. He is known to compose hallucinogenic music and publicize the utilization of illicit substances through a large portion of his tunes. His music is alleviating to me and ideal to unwind to. We will compose a custom exposition test on Undergrad or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Quest for joy music video http://www. Youth. Com/watch? V=7xzU9Qqdqww Sources: http://www. Ancient rarities. Com/detail. PH? Old=1855 http://en. Strolled. Organization/will/SLD_Cud

Reflections and Decisions

Reflections and Decisions I’m officially on winter break. It’s hard to believe that the craziness of the semester is already over, that I have completed my finals and turned in all my papers. I wrote this entry from the airplane on the way home, heading away from the bubble of MIT towards the place I grew up. I had a realization the other day that Cambridge is my home. I will always hold a place in my heart for Colorado, and I will be comfortable where ever my parents are, but my home right now is definitely MIT. I’m not sure it has been that way for the past two and a half years, but it is now. It is where I am the person I want to be. Even though I have been at MIT for only two and a half years of my life, compared to the seventeen I spent in Colorado, the experiences I have had here and the people I have met have shaped who I am and where I want to go. I have heard many, many times that college is where you will find yourself, but I don’t know if I really believed it until recently, but it seems that every time I take the time to reflect back on who I am, what I have done and where I am going, the who I am bit seems to change, even if only slightly. You just received your decisions from MIT, and you may feel like the decision you were granted will define the rest of your life. If you got in, I offer you my congratulations. Welcome to the most stressful four years of your life. It will be the most stressful but the most amazing if you take advantage of all the opportunities available to you. If you were deferred, don’t fret yet. Make sure to finish your other applications, find where else you could succeed and be happy and the opportunity for MIT will come again in a couple of months. If you didn’t get the answer you are looking for, don’t think about the school defining who you will become. You don’t grow, change and find yourself based on the name on the sweatshirt you wear, or what will eventually be on your diploma. You grow based on the experiences you have and the challenges you overcome. While MIT is an experience in itself, I have learned the most about myself during the times I have been away from MIT, and from the people I have the opportunity to interact with. No matter where you end up, be sure to take advantage of every opportunity given to you to travel and meet new people. Go outside of your comfort zone, whether it is trying a new activity, or travelling halfway around the world. You need to challenge yourself in order to grow. There will be ample opportunity for other people to pay for you to try the things you have always wanted to do, so take advantage of them. College is probably the only time you are unencumbered by significant responsibility and the only time you can really change your mind on a whim. Don’t feel tied into any decision, and don’t feel like you can’t change your mind. On that note, enjoy your break, finish up your remaining applications, and don’t stress too much about decisions. No matter where you will end up, you will find the experience you are looking for if you seek it out.

Reflections and Decisions

Reflections and Decisions I’m officially on winter break. It’s hard to believe that the craziness of the semester is already over, that I have completed my finals and turned in all my papers. I wrote this entry from the airplane on the way home, heading away from the bubble of MIT towards the place I grew up. I had a realization the other day that Cambridge is my home. I will always hold a place in my heart for Colorado, and I will be comfortable where ever my parents are, but my home right now is definitely MIT. I’m not sure it has been that way for the past two and a half years, but it is now. It is where I am the person I want to be. Even though I have been at MIT for only two and a half years of my life, compared to the seventeen I spent in Colorado, the experiences I have had here and the people I have met have shaped who I am and where I want to go. I have heard many, many times that college is where you will find yourself, but I don’t know if I really believed it until recently, but it seems that every time I take the time to reflect back on who I am, what I have done and where I am going, the who I am bit seems to change, even if only slightly. You just received your decisions from MIT, and you may feel like the decision you were granted will define the rest of your life. If you got in, I offer you my congratulations. Welcome to the most stressful four years of your life. It will be the most stressful but the most amazing if you take advantage of all the opportunities available to you. If you were deferred, don’t fret yet. Make sure to finish your other applications, find where else you could succeed and be happy and the opportunity for MIT will come again in a couple of months. If you didn’t get the answer you are looking for, don’t think about the school defining who you will become. You don’t grow, change and find yourself based on the name on the sweatshirt you wear, or what will eventually be on your diploma. You grow based on the experiences you have and the challenges you overcome. While MIT is an experience in itself, I have learned the most about myself during the times I have been away from MIT, and from the people I have the opportunity to interact with. No matter where you end up, be sure to take advantage of every opportunity given to you to travel and meet new people. Go outside of your comfort zone, whether it is trying a new activity, or travelling halfway around the world. You need to challenge yourself in order to grow. There will be ample opportunity for other people to pay for you to try the things you have always wanted to do, so take advantage of them. College is probably the only time you are unencumbered by significant responsibility and the only time you can really change your mind on a whim. Don’t feel tied into any decision, and don’t feel like you can’t change your mind. On that note, enjoy your break, finish up your remaining applications, and don’t stress too much about decisions. No matter where you will end up, you will find the experience you are looking for if you seek it out.

Advanced Finance and Decision Makers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2480 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Advanced Finance and Decision Makers Table of Contents Introduction Therelationshipbetweenfinancialanalysisandbusinessriskassessmentindecision-making ThepurposeandstructureoffinancialstatementsinrelationtodecisionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ making Sourcesoffinanceforshortandlongtermbusinessdecisions Waysinwhichdifferentownershipstructuresinfluencethemeasurementoffinancial performance Importance of ethical, governance and accounting standards in financial reporting business decision making Case Study Application Conclusion References . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advanced Finance and Decision Makers" essay for you Create order Introduction: Finance has become one of the major functional departments in an organization. Every organization, irrespective of its size and industry in which it operates, will prepare financial statements to report the financial information. This assignment focuses on evaluating the important aspects of the finance and financial statements of the organization. This research paper focuses on analysing the relationship between the business risk involved in an organization and the financial analysis that a financial manager carries out every year. The paper also identifies the financial sources available for both short-term and long-term business decisions. In addition to that, the paper focuses on analysing the influence of various ownership structures on the measurement of the financial performance and role on ethical, governance and accounting standards in financial reporting. Therelationshipbetweenfinancialanalysisandbusinessriskassessmentindecision-making: It is important for the managers to very frequently analyse the business risks and implement the risk mitigation techniques. The business risk can be in many forms. Some of the major risks that put the organization into trouble are operational risk, financial risk and solvency risk etcetera (Fruhan, 1979). Normally, the financial managers will try to conduct the financial analysis to identify the risks that the organization has been facing in current business environment. In simple terms, the financial analysis helps the financial manager to evaluate the profitability, solvency and stability levels of the organization in a particular financial year. By analysing the profitability, the financial manager can easily recognize the ability of the organization to make profits and the capability to gain the retained earnings for future investments. If the profitability analysis makes it clear that the organization is making good profits, it can be concluded that the organization is not suffering from any kind of financial risk and vice versa. If the business manager does not analyse the profitability of the organization before taking important decisions such as procuring advanced technologies or hiring additional employees, it might suffer due to financial risk (Streuly, 1994). In the same manner, the financial manager can also identify if the organization is suffering from the operational risk or not. The operational risk occurs when the organization is unable to clear the short-term obligations such as office rent, employee salaries and administrative expenses etc. (Streuly, 1994). If the financial manager identifies the impending operational risk, he or she will take right decisions such as controlling the operational expenses or changing the credit terms in such a way that the organization receives money from the customers quickly. Finally, it is important for the financial managers to regular check if the organization has been maintaining right kinds o f assets to clear the long-term obligations to avoid the solvency risk. Yes, the inability of the organization to clear the long-term obligations might lead to solvency risk which ultimately make the organizations insolvent and go bankruptcy (Williams et al, 2008). By conducting the financial analysis, the business manager can identify the solvency risk and make appropriate decisions to reduce the same. Thus, one can conclude that the financial manager should carry out financial analysis to identify risks for effective decision making. The  purpose  and  structure  of  financial  statements  in  relation  to  decision  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ making: Generally, every organization will prepare three financial statements to report the financial information of the organization to important stakeholders. The first important financial statement is balance sheet, which is also known as statement of financial position (Williams et al, 2008). With the help of the information provided in the balance sheet, the stakeholders would be able to understand the financial position of the organization in a particular financial year. Normally, balance sheet contains information about assets, liabilities and ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equity (Al-Ajmi, 2007). The concerned persons can compare the financial information provided in the balance sheet of current year with the previous year to understand the financial health of the organization. Income statement is another financial statement that provides information for decision making. The income statement provides information on net profit/net loss, operational profit, operational expenses, taxes a nd interest rates etc. (Streuly, 1994). With the help of the information provided in the income statement, stakeholders would be able to understand if the organization is enjoying the profit or suffering from losses. Another financial statement that is prepared in organizations is cash flow statement. This is used to see how changes in the financial statements will impact the cash the organization has in hand. The information reported in these financial statements would help all the stakeholders of the organization in important decision making (Fruhan, 1979). Different stakeholders will use the information provided in the financial statements for different purposes. For instance, the business managers will try to make use of the financial statements for making informed decisions. In the same way, investors would analyse financial statements to check if the organization has the ability to pay both long-term and short-term obligations. When it comes to regulatory bodies, they will try to analyse financial statements to check if they are prepared by following ethical principles and accounting standards (Williams et al, 2008). While preparing these financial statements, the accounting or financial managers will follow the accounting standards and ethical mechanisms etc. Though the structure of the financial statement varies from one type of organization to another organization or country to another country, all these organizations will provide similar kind of information (Foster, 1978). For instance, the private limited companies and public limited companies will report ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equity because it has multiple stakeholders but the financial statements of sole proprietary and partnership organizations will not carry the column called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Sources  of  finance  for  short  and  long  term  business  decisions: The sources of finance can be classified into two types. They are short-term financial sources and long-term financial sources (Al-Ajmi, 2007). The short-term financial sources would be used to finance the short-term business decisions. The business manager should be very careful in choosing the suitable financial source because an inappropriate financial source may increase the financial risk, operational risk and solvency risk for the organization. Thus, while choosing a financial source, the business manager should analyse its risk levels and capacity to generate the investment etc. (Fruhan, 1979). When it comes to the short-term financial sources, the business manager can choose sources such as personal savings, retained earnings and back loan. The personal savings are the money saved by the owners of the company. The business owners can use the personal savings to financial short-term business decisions such as procuring small-scale software applications and renting premise s etc. (Bierman, 1980). The best part of the personal savings is that the business owners might not feel the pressure of repaying the money. Moreover, the business owner can enjoy the complete control over revenues and operations. On the other hand, retained earnings are the earnings remained with the organization after clearing the short-term obligations. Since the retained earnings belong to the organization, the business owner can use it for short-term business decisions. The business owner can also approach banks to finance the short-term projects. When the business owner takes bank loan, he or she might feel the pressure of repaying the interest in regular intervals and principal on loan maturity date (Al-Ajmi, 2007). On the other hand, business owners can find numerous of long-term sources to finance the long-term business decisions. The sources such as venture capital, long-term bank loan, angel investment and Share Capital belong to the long-term financial sources categor y (Foster, 1978). The angel investment is the investment fund invested by an individual on the profitable projects or ventures. Since the money gathered from the angel investors can be huge, the business managers can use angel investments for long-term business decisions. Similarly, venture capital is the fund gathered from multiple individuals and maintained by the professional agency. These agencies would not only invest money on the business projects but also help the business owners in decision making. In most of the cases, the long-term business decisions need huge capital investment (Fruhan, 1979). At this juncture, the business manager can go ahead with offering shares of the organization to the public through Initial Public Offering. Ways  in  which  different  ownership  structures  influence  the  measurement  of  financial performance: Different types of organizations will measure the financial performance differently. This is majorly because of the changes in the ownership structures. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate market, predominantly, there are five ownership structures. They are sole trading ownership structure, partnership organization, private limited organization, public limited organization and non-profit organization (Zane et al., 2004). With regards to the sole training ownership structure, the financial performance would be measured in terms of the profit made by the business owner. As there is very little bit of difference in between the net profit and gross profit for sole trading organizations, the net profit or gross profit are said to be the major measurements of financial performance. In the same way, the partnership ownership structure influences the measurement of the financial performance in terms of the gross profit wherein the profit is shared between the two partners. Since the effo rts kept in the partnership organization are more, the partners would want to measure the financial performance of the organization in terms of the turnover generated. On the other hand, the private limited organization is formed by minimum of two shareholders and maximum of 50 shareholders (Fruhan, 1979). Since all the stakeholders are concerned about the earnings of the organization and protect the money that they have invested in the organization, the primate limited structure would influence the measurement of financial performance in such a way to check in terms of the growth rates of the organization. Apparently, the higher are the growth rates of the organization, the better would be the share value of the organization. The same is in the case of the public limited structure too. Since there are more shareholders in public limited organization, the financial performance of the public limited company would be measured in terms of increase in the share value (Bierman, 1980). Finally, for non-profit organization, the profit would be measured in terms of the donations generated. Importance of ethical, governance and accounting standards in financial reporting business decision making: Today, business owners have been giving high important to ethical, governance and accounting standards while reporting the financial information. Normally, ethics would help the organization to guide the behaviour of the employees or the stakeholders for that matter. Similarly, the governance principles would emphasize on the organizations to follow the equal distribution procedures while treating the customers or employees (Foster, 1978). Finally, the accounting standards majorly emphasize on following specific pre-defined procedures to disclose the financial information about the organization. The ethical, governance and accounting standards would focus three important aspects of the financial reporting decision making. One of these three important aspects is long-term success of the organization (Foster, 1978). When the organization tries to be ethical and follow the governance/accounting standards, it might not make the stakeholders happy in the short-term but definitely exc els in the long-run. Numerous of the organizations have gone bankrupt just because of not following the ethical, governance and accounting standards while reporting the financial information. Some of the best examples for such organizations are Enron, Lehman Brothers and Morgan Stanley. The second important aspect is that the organizations can easily avoid the business risk by following ethical, governance and accounting standards. Since the accounting standards and governance principles demand employees to follow the right code of conducts, they will stay away from the illegal or non-ethical activities such as price fixing which automatically leads to business risk (Bierman, 1980). The third important aspect is that the organization can easily avoid costly fines for wrongdoings of the workers. Numerous of organizations have been paying huge penalties for not following the accounting standards. For instance, paid a penalty of $100 million in 20120 and Fannie Mae has paid approxim ately $400 for similar issues. Case Study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Application: The investment of the project as given in the case study is  £158,000. The below table clearly shows the cash inflows and cash outflows provided in the case study. Year Cash Inflows Cash Outflows Year1  £43,000  £8,000 Year2  £50,000  £8,000 Year3  £56,000  £8,000 Year4  £59,000  £8,000 Year5  £47,000  £8,000 The summation of the cash outflows for given 5 years is  £255,000 Similarly, the summation of the cash inflows for given 5 years is  £40,000. The net cash flow = cash outflows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" cash inflows =  £215,000. As mentioned in the description of the case study that the business would like to ensure that every project will give at least 10% ROI every year. If we calculate the ROIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s for the project with 10% ROI, the figures look like this. For 1st Year, the ROI would be around 158,000 *10% =  £15,800 For 2nd Year, the ROI would be around =  £17,380 For 3rd Year, the ROI would be around =  £19,118 For 4th Year, the ROI would be around =  £21,029.8 For 5th Year, the ROI would be around =  £23,132.78. The summation of the ROI for five years is  £96,460. This clearly shows that the net cash with the organization at end of the five years at 10% ROI is  £254,000. Sinc e the ROI generated by the project with the given details is a bit lesser than the ROI that can be generated at 10%, it can be concluded that the project is not a viable option. Conclusion: To understand the stability and profitability of the organization, the financial manager will carry out the financial analysis. With the help of the financial analysis, the financial manager will be able to identify the business risks such as operational risk, financial risk and solvency risk. Normally, organizations will prepare three kinds of the financial statements. They are balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. The sources of finance can be classified into two types. They are short-term financial sources and long-term financial sources. When it comes to the short-term financial sources, the business manager can choose sources such as personal savings, retained earnings and back loan. The sources such as venture capital, long-term bank loan, angel investment and Share Capital belong to the long-term financial sources category. Though the structure of the financial statement varies from one type of organization to another organization or country to another cou ntry, all these organizations will provide similar kind of information. References: Al-Ajmi, J., 2007. The use of accounting information by investors in Bahrain. Working Paper, University of Bahrain, Bahrain Bierman, H. 1980. Strategic Financial Planning. New York: The Free Press. Foster, G. 1978. Financial Statement Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Fruhan, W. E., Jr., 1979. Financial Strategy: Studies in the Creation, Transfer and Destruction of Shareholder Value. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Giacomino, D.E. and Mielke, D.E, 1993. Cash Flows: Another Approach to Ratio Analysis. Journal of Accountancy 175, 55-8. Streuly, A.C., 1994. The Primary Objective Of Financial Reporting: How Are We Doing? The Ohio CPA Journal 53, 15-22 Williams, J. R., Susan F. H., Mark S. B. and Joseph V. C., 2008. Financial Managerial Accounting. McGraw-Hill Irwin. pp. 266.

How Techniques of Rationalisation Aim to Increase Efficiency and Control in Organisations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2836 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Explain how techniques of rationalisation aim to increase efficiency and control in organisations. Compare and contrast the rationalisation perspective with ONE of the following topic areas. Chosen topic: Leadership, power and politics Rationalisation is important for firms which they should be highly considered about. It is a core factor that would affected the decision making of the owner in order to decide their choice of choosing strategies or methods to organise and manage the business. A rational business could be described as a business that used the less resources to gain as much advantages as they can. Additionally, the business are mainly formed by bureaucracy structure and a standardised production line. This could lead the business to achieve a high level of efficiency. Apply this terms to the junction hotel, junction hotel is not rationalisation. The case study has shown us that junction hotel has under-investment within a poor management. For e xample, restaurant of the junction hotel. They have got a team of skilled and experienced staff but the poor management and none of standardised instruction provided has lead to an erratic levels and poor consistency of standards. This evidence indicates us that junction hotel have got skilled staff as their resources within a high quality. However, they did not take the advantage of it which also mean they could not reach the highest efficiency. There are some features for rationalisation such as to elimate unnecessary equipment, personnel or process from a group of business, factory in order to make it more efficient and the organisation of a business according scientific principles of management in order to increase efficiency. In addition, rationalisation also included psychology for example behaviour about which one feels uncomfortable or guilty .organisation is consider about this is because this can affect them, for example if a business have a good management then workers in the business will work more comfortable and they know what they need to do and work more harder under this good atmosphere, this will benefit the business as the workers work more harder, thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why organisations consider about it. To further know about what an rational organisation is, by looking at the old century theorists which can give us more idea about it. Taylor( 2014) An industrialist suggested five way that a manager should perform. The five functions are forecasting, organising, controlling, coordinating and commanding (KING and LAWLEY, 2013: 46). In order to describe the five function, first to have a plan and a rough estimate before start doing the project. Then shared information from each of the member to get well organised and then up a task or goal to achieve this job usually the manager in charge the whole process. Weber a sociologist which outlined a few features including the hierarchical structure. This is mean structure of management. Di fferent staff have their own role that have their own task that need to concentrated on. Ford bring out a theory that called Fordism, this is a term widely used to describe the system ofmass production in early 20th century by theFord Motor Company (2015). Ford has designed the mass production technique in order to spend less time to produce the most. Taylor (2011) suggested the scientific management could bring the maximum prosperity to employees. Taylor try to use this method to increase efficiency by using the machinery to get the job done as quickly as possible. Rational organisation can help to increase efficiency by clearly define the role of each member in the company, also purchase stable quality to the customers. As they are clearly define costs for the firm can be reduce so the firm can use minimum resources to achieve the maximum efficiency, also increase the productivity, these clearly show that firm can make a high amount of profit without a huge loss and more likely to break even. For example if the business owner can clearly define what he hopes to accomplish with a certain course of action, what the alternative choices are, and what the likely outcomes are, he can probably ignore workplace politics and simply rely on the formal structure of the company to carry out her orders. looking at the case study junction hotel seen to have a lot of trouble under-investment and a very poor managing system inside the business, if one of the department doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do well it will influence to the other department this will create a bad atmosphere inside the company and also keep getting far away from the aim of rationalisation . For example inside the restaurant they have some good chief which is well trained and can cook delicious food to serf the customer , but as the bad communication within the staff and apartment they seen to make a lot of mistake and argue at different things which make it even worse and doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t hel p to fix the problem at all. They had quality chef but they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a good managing system which they waste the chance to perform even better. There are a few ways that they could do to get rid of this situation and improve their quality of service and performance. The first important things they need is employed a good manager with good leadership skills or good communication skills that can lead the staff to a right tract so that they can do their job in the right direction, setting up tasks and clearly given out order can help to the quality of the food and the time food takes to the customer can be reduce. Also as a leader of the department to communicate with other department to share information from each other to help improve and clearly receive the order with each order, one of the example is office keep changing the menu but didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t tell anything to the chief and the chief is really unhappy as the people in the office didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â€ž ¢t communicate with them well enough so that increase their work load, it make them more difficult to finish off their job also influence the quality of the food and cost of time. These can be done either employed a new head chief or to train on their communication skills. Although the organisation need to put some money on training staff and good communication with the staff , the more action they put in they more benefit they will get back on return, so do more and gain more. McDonaldizationis the term invented byGeorge Ritzerto describe a sociological phenomenom that is happening in our society (Rogue Valley Group, 2000-2009). This company work in a rational way and have a high performance. Mcdonaldsation suggests that the rational production can be seen in the fast food restaurant. McDonald is a well-managed organisation which is rational and hierarchy structure. All the task have already break down into different part for different staff to work on to match their role. For example a staff work in the cash machine and take order from customer , a staff working on food and drinks when they see the order they will take what on the screen to the desk ,chief will keep cooking and fill out what empty which they are well organised and knowing what they have to work on . As all the staff are doing their own job the quality of the food and drink will make no big difference between each other and the time taken will stay the same ,as the performance go well less error will make. This system help the company train new staff more quickly, as they are a fast food restaurant it will be high turnover for their company as most people come to get a part time job so using this method reduce the time of training unskilled staff also reduce the cost and easily replace. This is one of the successful company which have chosen a right method to lead there business become success. Travelodge is a private company operating in the hotels and hospitality industry through out theUnited Kingdom. Branded simply asTravelodge, Same as the McDonald they break down the tasks in a very easy way for the employees, different form other hotels they only do online booking and when customer come they just to show their id for check in their room and the staff just given out the key to them ,for checking out is the same process give them they key and thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s check out completed , in these progress there arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t much to do for the staff as the company have set up everythingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s for them in a easy way to work on compare to the other hotel they are doing a very easily job , it is quite similar with the McDonald as if an unskilled employees come to work, it take very short time to help he/she to have the knowledge how to work here and as the work break down in this very easily way so the quality of the service can stay the same for sure as the job they are doing is well organised. This is the similar methods between two different type of company and the method lead them to success. Although rationalisation is very important to the business but there are some important things that can also influence the business. For instance, company can think of leadership,power,politics these three topic also appear to the organisation. Leader ship is one of the most important things that a manager or group leader should have to well organise and control the staff which work under them, given out right order to different staff cause every decision the manager made can affect the company, different staff have different strengths and weakness so the manager must look very carefully what he/she can do and canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do , in other way to give them a right order to complete and perform much better within their skills. Also a good leader must have look after the staff well as to see what they need and what problem they are having while during the work, as if he pay attention on them they will be more lik ely to follow your lead and complete the task in a much higher performance. A good leader will also need power to in case some not behaviour staff, cause not all of the staff will listen to the order some this is time to show that you got the power to control them to work and punish them if they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t work on their job probably. Refer to (Mr P Tailor and Mrs S. Tailor) An essential part of leadership or management is to influence the people you manage so that they do what you want them to do. So if a leader is too soft then he/she will be very difficult to lead a team that is lazy and uncontrollable, sometimes becoming an arrgasive leader can do the job easily and better as people will listen to your lead as they afraid of your power and you have the right to control them. Politics is some kind of rule that set up by the workers or manager to follow, different office have different politics for example if you are new to the an organisation you will need to make som e new friends or build some alliances in case that you have something didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t understand that someone will have your back and help you with it, sometimes if you have a boss which is very lazy you will need to put extra hard work yourself to finish off the work. In junction hotel they have a good team of cleaner and they are all skilled, but when they start working they arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t doing as a group is just like an individual task work as they received the message from the boss and they just follow the lead at what people told them to do so there arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t any communication inside the group refer to paragraph on top the office politics is the rule you follow to make you survive in the company, one of the rule is to build up alliance in the other hand is to make friends so that when the work start they can communicate which person working which part and share the information all around this cost less error as well ,also this gave you power i f the boss doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do something right for example cut down the salaries that at list you can have your teammate to support you and complain about it so you can get the strength to fight back. Back to the case study as the cleaners didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a good leader leading them so quality of the job will be poorer as they have to follow instruction to do what they need and the manager doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t communicate with them very well. These will be a big trouble if things still stay the same. Refer to junction hotel (KING and LAWLEY, 2013,162-163) Linda Wilson meets graham Effingham for a meeting. There are some problem with the kitchen so Linda have a chat with graham to ask for future information to see whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s going on at the moment. Graham is doing his job well as he won awards for what he cook to the customer, however food is not getting out quick enough and wrong order . But graham think he did the job all right so he didnà ¢ â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t talking to Linda politely. This action cause too problem first graham didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t respect to Linda in a polite way and try to argue with her, other things is he canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t give an order and control his staff probably, he is more likely to do his job rather than do what a leader should do to take the lead and solve out the problem they have, so that why he is not a leader material. Linda have a problem with that she is too soft and people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t listen to her as she is not strong enough to control the staff, she should be more arrgasive, but one thing she did good is she try to communicate when there is a problem having with the kitchen. If an organisation would like to cut costs, they usually will cut down the wages of the employees but this action will cost a lot of trouble that not appear so soon but harmful to the business. Pay them less, and theyll reciprocate with less work (Ray Fisman) it old us that when people get lo w pay they will unlikely to work harder as they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t feel happy about the money they get, the more and the less they do will get the same amount of payment so they will rather work less and not do work any harder, this can cost a lot of trouble with the business, first less performance low quality of product and service, high turnover staff will rather work in a different company that will pay them more money, bad quality lead to the customer complain about it and lose some new and old customer. This evidence told us that before doing a decision you must think about the cost and benefit do see if it is worth doing it before take action, the best way is to have discussion with the employees and try to know about their feeling and explain why the firm need to make this decision to let them know whats going on. In conclusion, the concept of rationalisation could turn the junction hotel in a positive way which can help the company to cut cost, also increase the eff iciency and also help to increase the profit that they could make. This could help the business perform very well and good reputation. Moreover, the hotel could gain a growth of size in the market which would increase their competitive advantage. Nevertheless, rationalisation may have affected the business into a negative way as cut cost may impacted the staffs to be unsatisfied. So, the manager should communicate with workers and understand their thought and feels so that everyone to use their potential to work harder as they could to help junction hotel to become success and gain the most advantages with the competitors. Also managers in the junctions need train on their leading skills to get more power and more comfort on leading people as under the poor leading skills that seem to be a lot of trouble having around the restaurant and other department. Reference Vincent van Vliet-( 2014)https://www.toolshero.com/five-functions-of-management, Bob Jessop(2015)https://www.br itannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1920809/Fordism King and Lawley(2013),organizational behaviour, oxford university press,oxford,(chapter 2,45-46),(chapter 6,162-163) TAYLOR, F.W. (2011) Principles of Scientific Management Harper: New York. Rogue Valley Group https://www.mcdonaldization.com/whatisit.shtml Mr P Tailor and Mrs S. Tailor https://www.learnmanagement2.com/leadership%20power.htm Ray Fisman https://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_dismal_science/2011/03/raises_dont_make_employees_work_harder.html FMO Don’t waste time! 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The Role Of The Juvenile Delinquent - 1942 Words

POPULAR CINEMA ESSAY - word count - 2035 Analyse and critically discuss the role of the ‘juvenile delinquent’ in any two teen films screened in the course. You must consider the impact of relevant industrial, economic and cultural factors. INTRO The juvenile delinquent or (JD) films, as which they have came to be better known as, started as a movie cycle and was very characteristic of hollywood in its prime. Looking back at another cycle which can be seen as similar and a precursor, both in the approach of the overall approach and the themes of the films would be the gangster films of the 1930s. These movies saw successful breakthrough in the box office and from this box office success saw a increase and spawn in countless†¦show more content†¦The initial idea started around the fact that the younger generation is out of control and is often seen as a controversial statement that this was evidence of claims about moral and cultural decline. Young people became increasingly troubled and worried which led to the adolescence life stage being classified and a period of fragility, vulnerability and risk. Although there is a long history of younger kids and teenagers committing crimes the term we come to know as juvenile delinquent only really came about and entered public debate in the post war period, it was around this time it came to be defined as specific and new social concern. As well as the uprise of the JD in the hollywood films there was continued concern about the dangers of young viewer identifying with the the JD characters. It was also around this time into the early 1950s that the industry face a much more fundamental problem. Before the 1950s, the hollywood cinema in general had been a mass medium which saw going to see a movie as a intergenerational experience, in which whole families would go attending together as a past time. 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Launcelots soliloquy Essay Example For Students

Launcelots soliloquy Essay Another fantastic actor in the play was Craig Gazey who played Launcelot. He had the audience laughing every time he was onstage. Craig Gazey used his body language to create very bold characteristics for Launcelot. When speaking Launcelots soliloquy, Craig Gazey used his body language to show how Launcelot was torn between two states of mind. His body jerked from side to side, to show how he was torn between his good conscience and his bad conscience. Other parts of the play when Launcelots body language seemed to stand out were when he was showing his dislike to his master, Shylock. When Shylock gave him orders or spoke to him, he showed an air of boredom and impatience. His body was turned away from Shylock in disinterest and he always looked as though he wanted to leave as soon he could. Craig Gazeys body language was never over powering, it accompanied his character fittingly. He used his gestures very effectively to express Launcelots feelings. His gestures where very large and sudden which definitely fit Launcelots personality as he seems to be someone who would always stand out. Craig Gazey used his voice to add to the comic appeal of his character. He had a different accent to the other characters, which gave his character a slight edge. He varied his tone so he was always interesting to listen to. He delivered his lines perfectly and everything he said was understandable. When Launcelot was supposed to be the centre of attention, Craig Gazey made sure he was; it was impossible to be bored while he was speaking. When Launcelot was not the centre of attention, Craig Gazey fitted himself into the action well, complementing the other actors. Because Craig Gazey was always focused, it was easy and interesting to follow the action. He made Launcelot come alive; his performance was very believable. Mary Charlton did an excellent job of choosing the costumes for the characters. Each character was always wearing something suitable for their personality and status. The costumes were not dull but they still fit easily into the play. They were not distracting from the action but they were something interesting to look at. The colours used in the play seemed to be very earthly colours mostly, like green or brown. This helped towards making sure the costumes were not overpowering the action. The whole stage area was used well and the actors could easily move around it. There was a bridge, which arched out into the audience. This was one of the things that made the set different from sets in other theatres. The action was laid out very well; the actors never blocked each other. It was generally easy to see the action on stage. The space around the groundlings area was also used at parts of the play. Actors entered the stage from there and some lines were spoken there. This added interest to the play as the action was always in a variety of places. The play was visually interesting as there were things happening in different places and the actors never seemed to stand still for very long. The lighting added to the experience as the whole audience was visible as well as the stage. This meant that the actors had to communicate with the audience. The actors were always visible. As natural light was used to light the stage, nighttime couldnt be shown through darkness. So, at parts in the play when it was night, extra lighting was used to create the illusion. There was a street lamp by the stage, which was turned on when it was nighttime, and there were torches lit at other parts in the play. This tool was very effective as at these points it was obvious that the night was being portrayed. There were many parts of the play when live sound from a band was used to help create atmosphere or just add to the interest of the play. .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b , .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b .postImageUrl , .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b , .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b:hover , .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b:visited , .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b:active { border:0!important; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b:active , .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua070e673274720a098c5ff0a3ad8035b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Shakespeare creates a lot of tension for the audience in Romeo and Juliet EssayI think that 8 out of 10 is an accurate rating for the play. The play was brilliant but at times it lacked some flow. I think that the strongest aspect of the performance was the modernising of the humour in the play. This helped to add interest to the play for those who hadnt read the book. It also gave many a way to relate the characters of the play to people in our everyday lives. It is hard to say what the weakest component in the play was, but it was probably visibility of the actors. For a groundling, it was often hard to see all the action on the stage. Show preview only

Dance Critique Research Paper Example

Dance Critique Paper Each dance performers piece is different. Some tell stories and paint pictures, while other are for entertainment. As I watched the performances of each male and female dancer I analyzed each aspect of the dance. This included music, technique, attire, as well as many other important aspects. One piece that stood out to me was the Contemporary piece performed by G. D. Harris. This dance was performed with African Tribe music. Also the male dancer word e a feathery African inspired bottom. The movements throughout the dance were graceful UT distinct. I observed this from the very strong emphasis of shoulder movements. The m USIA was pretty fair rhythmic tempo, not too fast or slow. As I watched the excerpt of this dance I realize the movements were to port ay a bird. One reason being the way the male performer walked on stage. Another example is to how the dancer placed his arms. This piece very much reminded me Of a ostrich wand erring an area during African time. In my opinion the choreographers were successful in communicating their into .NET. The dance attire went very well with the music. We will write a custom essay sample on Dance Critique specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dance Critique specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dance Critique specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The layout from clothing to music and movement painted a very vivid picture as to what is being told. One big strength to me w loud have to be the distinct incorporation of ostrich movements. My overall critique would have to be a positive response. I would encourage o there to watch this piece. It was boring and stale but still painted the image as intended d. All of the props such as music,clothing, and movements went along well together. Would De finitely watch more performance pieces from this choreographer.

Relationship Diversity Essay Example

Relationship Diversity Essay Example Relationship Diversity Essay Relationship Diversity Essay A look into the deferent variations of relationships] APRIL 9, 2014 [PROOF. MCCRACKEN] Soc. SSL. 17 ? Human Sexuality Duffer 1 Marina M. Duffer April 9, 2014 Human Sexuality m{oh learn to like someone when you find out what makes them laugh, but you can never truly love someone until you find out what makes them cry. Finding someone that completes you Is never an easy task. It takes time to find that special person that can make you smile. The one person that understands you completely. During my observations on campus I saw many different types of couples. Many of which seemed to be pure Infatuations. There are seven different types of relationships. The first is consummate, which is a type that is high on the levels of passion, commitment, and intimacy. The second is an infatuated couple, one that is purely passion. Then there is fatuous which is high on both passion and commitment. The fourth is an empty relationship, which is pure commitment. This means that this certain type of couple does not need a big amount of passion or intimacy. The last three are all high on intimacy but differ very vaguely. There is compassionate which includes ointment. Romantics which is a mixture of both intimacy and passion. And the last friendship, which Is high purely on intimacy. The one thing that I noticed with most of the couples that were under Infatuated relationships Is that they were young. Well between their early twenties and their mid-twenties. They were somewhat Inseparable. High on passion and life Itself. Nothing, for what it seems can tear these two apart. The newly formed couples. The ones that are still in the honeymoon stage. Duffer 2 The couples that were put into the consummate category were those that have been aired for a while and the long-term couples. These are in full commitment to each other and are still in high light though they have their down sides but they stay fully strong. They are full of passion and intimacy as well as committed to one another. The romantics and the compassionate groups are somewhat similar, in which they are high on Intimacy. But, they differ in which romantics are high on passion. The compassionate couples are high on commitment. These couples range from friends who convert into couples or people who arrange an agreement to be with each other. Woo groups may end up in disarray. What was supposed to begin without emotions ends up being a love affair. The friendship group, which is high on Just intimacy only. This is a special group. They share secrets and intimate details about each other. They are the group that I believe to be the greatest on of them all. No matter what you throw at them they know how to deal with every issue. Even with all these issues they still keep that sense of friendship. That sense of honesty and trust. The empty group, which is only high on commitment levels, is actually not so empty at all. They share a love that does not require and sense of romance, passion, or intimacy. They with each other to last with each other. They are an open couple who can laugh and smile. But not need anything more. They live off of each others happiness and not the way their body looks or feels. My observations have showed me a different perspective on relationships and where they can lead. They are such a beautiful thing to cherish and keep. They are obscure and complicated. Two people sharing different qualities and characteristics is Just an amazing and wonderful.

Political Cultures of Canada and the United States Essay

Political Cultures of Canada and the United States - Essay Example However, there has been observed a tendency of the change of attitude on this perspective by the Canadians, becoming increasingly detached to their government, fading their support for the custom political parties, in favor of new ones with new ideologies. This raises the concern as to whether the Canadian people are becoming Americanized. This issue creates different opinions from scholars, with Paul Nesbitt-Larking supporting this viewpoint while Michael Adams sees it in the contrary, citing the support for government action and universal health policy as a characteristic of Canada only. According to Paul, there has been a lot of American influence on the Canadian domestic and foreign affairs, in an attempt to have Canada annexed to the US. Although Canada is the greatest trading partner to the US, the US does not seem to recognize this, attributing this status to Japan (Nesbitt-Larking 3).The US does not seem to appreciate the monarchial system of the Canadian government, always a ttacking it through diplomacy. Described as ‘Elephantine,’ the influence of the US on Canada is apparent in various fronts. From the economy, where the US dominates the Canadian economy, having the most profitable organizations in Canada owned by the Americans to the entertainment, military and political institutions which almost replicate those of the US (Nesbitt-Larking 4). Though Canada has for long greatly struggled to maintain its ‘communitarianism’ ideology, it has been greatly affected by the ‘Individualism’ ideology of the US to the extent of perceiving the US political culture as the most perfect. Thus, according to Paul, Canada is constantly struggling between adopting the US possessive individualism and the European collective and conservative communitarianism. This spirit of Americanization is observed to have crept into the minds of the Canadians who even think it wise to have a re-union of both countries. The advocates of such opi nions are those who perceive the American spirit of entrepreneurship and individualism as the perfect spirit to embrace. Therefore, according to Paul, Americanization of the Canadians is slowly taking shape, and it might eventually turn rife and change the completely Canadian culture both economic and socio-political into the American one. The continued growth in popularity of the US political culture and the spirit of individualism is likely to cause a fading of the traditional political cultures of Canada and eventually have the new ideology adopted and the old political culture, systems and institutions done away with. This is what Paul refers to as the â€Å"danger of Americanization.’ Whether this occurs is dependent on the Canadian people’s ability to resist this cultural transformation, an aspect that has been there for long enough (Nesbitt-Larking 9). It is argued that the Canadian political parties and leaders have been propagating the individualism spirit an d ideology over the past two decades. This can been through the advocacy of the free market systems (Nesbitt-Larking 11). Through the fiscal and monetary policies, these leaders reduced the size of the public sector, through cuts to the sector and the provinces in terms of funding. The policies created unemployment and leaned the middle class earnings, through taxation. All this was meant to reduce the importance of the public sector and promote the spirit of ind

Major and Career Research Paper Annotated Bibliography

Major and Career Research Paper - Annotated Bibliography Example The researchers noted that shortage in logistics contributed to the major challenges affecting the supply chain management process. The financial challenges contributed to the increase in demand and supply of goods and services. These shortages are operational and affect planning and controlling of supply chains. Finally, Andreas and Robert noted that the cost of logistics remains a major influence in the management of supply chains. Gadde, Hakansson and Persson focused on the supply chain companies. Their book provided a summary of twenty-five businesses in the area of selling goods and services. The book mainly focused on current issues connected to the supplier of goods and services so as to produce effective supply chain networks. The report is separated into three sections, and it started by exploring the challenges that affect the supply chain management. The second section of the book explored the different supply chain networks from the sellers’ interactional perception. The part looked at the selling activity and the structures of supply chain. The third part presented the boundaries in terms of the relationship between the supply networks, and how they can be designed. Finally, the book presented the efficiency of supply chains and how they can form a proper unit of analysis for example, several transactions, single transaction with one give supplier or different suppliers at a given system leve l. These researchers completed their project in four stages whereby they conducted a literature review, interviews, survey, and conducted an analysis of the findings as well as a report. Findings indicated that with the increase in new technologies, different supply companies are currently identifying the need of investment in modern technology. They recommended that organization should adopt strategies that can adjust quickly with the increase in technological development. Organizations should also allow suppliers to make their own decisions

A Comparison Of Multiple Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Multiple Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay To have a deep understanding in international relations, everyone must grasp many theories which are Realism theory, Liberalism theory, International Political Economy theory, and others. Realism theory is one of the oldest theories that has been created for a long time that is why many people have a view that Realism theory is an outdated approach or that Realism theory can no longer be used to explain international relations. However, we strongly believe that Realism theory is still playing an imperative role in interpreting current international relations. In this paper, we are going to demonstrate that Realism theory is not an outdated theory in international relations since Realism theory is still being used to explain international relations at current circumstances. We begin with providing an overview of Realism theory, and we, then, gives several case studies in order to prove that Realism theory is not outdated. Overview of Realism Theory Since Realism theory has been emerged for a long time, many elements of Realism theory have been developed. Thus, we need to know those elements so that we can have a clear picture of Realism theory. In this part, five crucial elements of Realism theory, which are classical realism, neo-classical realism, strategic realism, structural realism or neo-realism, and stability realism or hegemony and balance of power, will be briefly explored. Classical Realism In classical realism, there are three prominent realism scholars whose names are Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes. Thucydides, who is an ancient Greek historian, developed his main concept in classical realism, which is called naturalist character to show that there is anarchy in international relations. He believes that all states are naturally unequal in power that is why they usually have competitions and conflicts among them. Thucydides agrees with the idea that Man is a political animal said by Aristotle, and he further ascertains that political animals are highly unequal in their powers and capabilities to dominate others and to defend themselves. Thus, he recommended that all states, especially weak states, and statespeople must conduct properly in IR by knowing deeply the inequality of power environment so that they can survive and prosper. Decision makers should have thought deeply and carefully before making the final ones whether or not the outcome is goo d. More importantly, he introduces the view that there is no Justice in equality of power in IR. It means that the great power ones can do whatever they want whereas the minor power ones suffer what results from the actions of great power want. Indeed, Thucydides sees that there is anarchy in international relations since there is an inequality of power. Therefore, all states, especially weak states, have no real choices in operation, but they try to adapt into the environment of power politics or go to war in order to secure and survive. The other crucial classical realist in IR is the Renaissance Italian political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli who believes that state leaders always try to take advantages and prevent state interest for their countries. In doing so, state leaders need to use two important means in conducting foreign policy which are power and deception. Leaders need power because when they are strong, they are able to defend their countries and to pursue their national interest. Using deception in foreign policy also helps leaders not to miss the opportunity to gain advantages for their countries. State leaders need to grasp well about their rivals or competitors so that it is easy for them to win over their rivals or competitors. Beside this, he has an assumption that the world is a dangerous place, but there are opportunities in the world as well. Therefore, in order to survive, states must know the danger in order to survive, or states must be aware of opportunities so that they can take advantages of them. Furthermore, he commented leaders that they should not perform foreign policy accordance with the principle of Christian ethics such as love thy neighbor, be peaceful, and avoid war except in self-defense because that principle can lead their states to be destroyed. In conclusion, Machiavelli believes that state is self-interest and that the world is a dangerous place, but the there are opportunities in the world as well. He also provides statecrafts for state leaders to conduct so that they take advantages or bring security for their countries. Beside Thucydides and Niccolo Machiavelli, the seventeen-century English political and legal philosopher Thomas Hobbes who lived at a time of great social change and political instability is also an influential classical realist. Therefore, he developed his concept that is relevant to the nature of political power or sovereign power. He elaborated why people agreed to jointly create sovereign state. Before the creation of sovereign state, people lived in danger because they always have conflicts or wars with each others. Therefore, in order to live in secure and peace, they collaborated with each others to create sovereign state. However, the creation of sovereign state poses other serious political problem which is security of dilemma because no one can control sovereign states. Neoclassical Realism Neoclassical realism is the second evolution of realism theory. Morgenthau is a vital neoclassical realist, and he is pessimistic about natural politic of human being. People are born to pursue power and to enjoy the fruit of power so that they can survive or prosper. The desire of gaining power makes them have conflicts or wars with each others. As a result, there will be international anarchy and conflicts in system of states. Moreover, Morgenthau has similar idea about morality in conduction foreign policy with Thucydides and Machiavelli. As a responsible leader for a state, he or she needs to perform or engage in foreign policy or politics that he or she would be wrong according to private morality. For instance, he or she might lie, spy, and cheat. Strategic Realism Other element of realism theory is strategic realism, and the noticeable scholar of strategic realism is Thomas Schelling whose main focus is foreign policy decision-making. He believes that foreign policy of state is rational which means that state constructs foreign policy depend on what state want to achieve so that game theory can be used to deeply explain foreign policy of state. In game theory, individual that is rational always try to do something in order to satisfy his/her preference. Beside this, he has a view that when state faces diplomatic and military issues, state leader need to find strategic and instructional though in dealing with them. By doing do, state leader is able to make his state survive and be better off. More importantly, he also provides analytical tools for instrumentally strategic thought which are brute force and coercion. In brute force, he refers to the way that state deals with issues by using military force or going to war. On the other hand, coerc ion refers to the way that state solves issues by diplomacy or bargaining, so having a deep understanding of her opponents lets state use bargaining method to solve issues more easily and effectively. In short, according to Thomas Schelling, state needs to think strategically in confronting diplomatic and military issues. Structural Realism In 1979, Kenneth K. Waltz attempted to reformulate other international theories including classical realism in a new and distinctive way, by applying a more scientific approach, which was known as Neorealism or Structural Realism. Waltz took international structures as the center of analysis, and the international structures are internaional anarchy, states as like units, unequal state capability, and great power relations. Unlike classical realists, Waltz believed that human nature had little to do in the system since they were shaped by the social struture or architecture. The anarchic system urged states to pursue power and compete with each other in order to survive, otherwise they would be trapped in the system. Neorealists believed that power is a mean to an end, and the ultimatevend is survival. According to Waltz, there were five straight forward assumptions to explain why states want power. The first assumption is that great powers are the main actors in world politics and t hey operate in an anarchic system. The second assumption is that all states possess some offensive military capability. Each state, in other words, has the power to inflict some harm on its neighbor. The third assumption is that states can never be certain about the intentions of other states. The fourth assumption is that the main goal of states is survival. States seek to maintain their territorial integrity and the autonomy of their domestic political order. The fifth assumption is that states are rational actors, which is to say they are capable of coming up with sound strategies that maximize their prospects for survival. Neorealist Stability Theory John Mearsheimer is an offensive realist in structural realism theory and he describes about balance of power and hegemony and agrees that military power is still a main tool and critical element in world politic. John Mearsheimer, currently the professor at US University differs from other realists because he determined that the behaviors of states are affected by the anarchical structure of international relations. He agrees that the world nowadays is anarchic where there are the crashes between the states especially powerful ones with no world government to rule over sovereign states and challenge its sovereignty. They, states, are trying to compete for power and seek hegemony. However, states, in fact, can only become the hegemony in their own region of the world but they also want to make sure that no other regional hegemony in any part of the world emerges as a peer competitor. For example, this is what the goal of United States is to protect its sphere of influence in Europe a nd East Asia and it also ensures that there are no other competitors rising to challenge its position. Indeed, if China wants to become the competitor to United States in East Asia, United States will prevent China from intervening in other regions such as the case of South China Sea. This is why his theory was called as offensive realism which rest on assumption that great power are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, with hegemony as their final goal. Mearsheimer also stated that the anarchy has two principle consequences. First, there is little room for trust among states and state can ever be certain another state will not use its military capability. Second, each state must guarantee its own survival because no other actor will provide its security. As a result, states inherently have to possess offensive military capability as the necessary protection. We can summarize the discussion thus far by briefly stating what these realists basically have in common. First, human beings as well as states are self-interest. Second, they agree that the human condition is a condition of insecurity and conflict which must be addressed and dealt with. Third, they agree that there is a body of political knowledge, or wisdom, to deal with the problem of security, and each of them tries to identify the keys to it. Finally, they agree that there is no final escape from this human condition, which is a permanent feature of human life. In other words, although there is a body of political wisdom-which can be identified and stated in the form of political maxims-there are no permanent or final solutions to the problems of politics-including international politics. Case Studies U.S. invasion in Iraq U.S. invasion in Iraq is one of the evident which show that realism theory is not an outdated approach in interpreting international relations. That event can be analyzed by using state interest, hegemony, and international structure. U.S under President Bush invaded Iraq since the President wants to keep U.S. as a hegemonic state. In order to be a hegemonic state, state needs to have strong economy and military. In this case, U.S. wants to control oil resource in Iraq so that U.S. can use those resources to boost his economy. With strength economy, U.S. can also promote military strength. Beside this, the international structure also caused U.S. to invade Iraq as well. Terrorism is nothing new for human society, but it is probably exist since human began to regulate the use of violence or threat. The 11 September 2001 attacks in New York and Washington and it is regarding as an issue that concern by International Relation. This is the threat to human security of United States as wel l as the world. For this case United States, the super power invaded Iraq the small state in 2003, the reason is that United States wanted to protect itself from attacking by terrorist groups and care about the worlds security. If Al-Qaida can attack United States, it would be possible for those terrorists to attack other countries in the world. Terrorists are willing to create fear to people that why United States invaded Iraq to ensure security for its citizen and states. Obviously, classical realism theory does effectively apply to the case of US- Iraq war in 2003 due to the fact that United States just use strategic of self defend in order to protect its citizen from being attack by terrorist from Iraq. Public opinion thought that six months before the attack, President Bush met in the White House with eleven members of the US House of Representatives. While the war against terrorism is going okay, he told the lawmakers, the United States would soon have to deal with a greater d anger: The biggest threat, however, is Saddam Hussein and his weapons of mass destruction. He can blow up Israel and that would trigger an international conflict. In brief, I believe that The United States is willing to protect its people and states from being attack by terrorists from Iraq. US, of course preferred the defensive theory to make the states survival. US had made a final decision to invade Iraq before terrorist become the major threat to the international security. Unite States are trying to prevent threats, violence and fear that occur by Al-Qaida and other horror terrorists toward the world security. South China Sea Issue The tension generated by maritime disputes in the South China Sea is the example of hegemony and balance of power featured in Structural realism theory. The South China Sea Conflict was involved by six countries. China, Taiwan and Vietnam claims sovereignty over the entire area. The Philippines and Malaysia each maintain separate claims to specific features, while Brunei claims only a 200 nautical mile exclusive zone. All those states compete with one another because of its enormous economic benefits and the conflicts have started decades ago. It is significant to note that the South China Sea is the critical trade route between Europe and East Asia, and its rich commercial fishing field and enormous natural gas field are worth billions of dollars. Whoever can hold a territorial right over it could gain quite a strong substantial power in politics and economics. It is what China is seeking naval preponderance in the South China Sea to become a global naval power which is a projection to the India Ocean. Meanwhile, the rising power of China from resources in South China Sea comes the potential threat to United States. US try to deal itself back into South East Asian geopolitics and bolster its position in the region by the growing closer ties with Vietnam. In response to US intervention, China stressed that this conflict is an internal affair of China and the intervention of US will only make the matter worse and the resolution more difficult, posed in Chinese Foreign Ministrys Website. Similarly, Vietnam could project that the external involvement of US will strengthen the balance of power relatively to China since China is the main threat to Vietnam since decades ago uptill the present day. Other countries also state to act accordingly in the hope of same purpose. Otherwise, Asian-led multilateral security cooperation is still a work in progress toward this security dilemma but it is yet to address increased arm procurements, Chinas military transformation and US renewed engagement to shore up Southeast Asias regional autonomy and ASEAN centrality in the regions security architecture. What we can learn from this conflict are the struggle of states to become hegemony still remain and the possession of offensive military power was also taken place and incapability of institutionalism toward this long-term regional security dilemma of ASEAN. The successive control over the sea will give China the greater control over Taiwan, Vietnam, and East Asian Countries. Obviously, the ambitious claims of China also demonstrate the aggressive desire to be hegemony in the regions by claiming to sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the South China Sea. At the same time, US also strengthen its stretegic position in region, for instance, exercising military power with Vietnam and making Vietnam its closest alliance. Otherwise, the multilateral talks in ASEAN did not effectively bring all the involving countries into the negotiation since China prefers bilateral talks to deal with the individual countries by using its soft power, increased trade and investment. This signifies that the corporation through institution did not bring any complete resolution to the conflicts. Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama Realism theory can better be used to explain the resignation of Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama in 2010 since he could not remove U.S. military base on Okinawa Island. During the election campaign, Mr. Yukio Hatoyama pledged that when he becomes the Prime Minister, he will remove U.S. military base on Okinawa Island. The presence of U.S. military base on Okinawa Island causes some troubles to Japanese such as raping and accident that are caused by American solider. However, that Mr. Yukio Hatoyama could not remove the U.S. military base on Okinawa Island can be elaborated through realism theory in several ways. According Classical realist Machiavelli and Neoclassical realist Han Morgenthau, state leaders cannot use private morality in politics and foreign policy so that they can bring security as well as prosperity to their countries. In this case, being the Prime Minister, Mr. Yukio Hatoyama cannot use private morality in dealing with U.S. military base issue as he needs to t hink about state interest. Beside this, Because of International structures, Mr. Yukio Hatoyama cannot keep his promise. First, after WWII, Japan is not allowed to have war army by its constitution, but U.S. will maintain security for Japan. Second, North Korea is also a threat of Japan. Therefore, Japan needs U.S. military presence so that Japan can be secured. Indeed, the resignation of Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama which results from failing to remove U.S. military base on Okinawa Island is the evident that show current state leaders still cannot use private morality in politics and foreign policy as well as that international structures determine what state leaders are going to do. 2008-2010 George-Russia Crisis Georgia-Russia War happened in 2008 to fight for the South Ossetia, which is the automous province in Russia. Georgia called for help from United States to back its power for the balance with Russia and also wished to be the member of NATO. However, United States ignored the Georgias intention. According to the theory of Thucydides, there is the inequality of power among states; it means that there are weak states and powerful states. The powerful ones could do whatever they wish to whereas the suffers always go to the weak ones. In this case, Russia, powerful state, could invade Georgia as a weak state, and no one could help Georgai. Although both countries are members of United Nations, it cannot prevent the strong states like Russia to invade Georgia, the small and less powerful state. It states that the states remain the significant and sovereign actor in world politics. Consequently, the international system is mostly dominated and leaded by the strong states who act as the core of the world affair while the weak one followed and acts as periphery of international relations. Conclusion Though Realism started to emerge in the ancient time, from time to time Realism have developed into classical, strategic, structural realism to keep updated with the changing environment of international relation. No matter how realism have categorize into a few more types it still manages to keep its core concepts that state is the main actor who manages the world affairs. As we explained the four mian cases including many others phenomena in the world today, Realism proves that the states behavior are still shaped by Realism theory. Although, nowday the current issues are muliplied not only about security and politics but also environment, human rights, pedemic disease and terrorism, Realism still can analyse those issues very well. Moreover, the multipolar world exists but the state still stands as the sovereign actor in world politics. Then, Realism remaims the significant platform for explaining the internatioinal relation today and decades ahead.